Mathematics has become one of the most influential and important disciplines in human life since ancient times. The development is driven by practical needs in everyday life like trade, measurement, as well as technological development. From ancient Egypt and Babylonians to modern times, mathematics experienced extraordinary transformations that include complex theory development and high abstraction. Here's the summary of progress travel concepts and mathematical theories throughout history.

1. Mathematics in Ancient

Math first evolved due to practical needs such as counting crops, trade and measuring land. Some early civilizations who contributed a great deal to mathematical development were:

Ancient Egypt and Babylon

• Ancient Egypt (around 3000 BC) developed a decimal-based number system used to measure land and buildings. They also developed simple geometry to build pyramids and other structures.
• Babylonian (approximately 1900-1600 BC) introducing 60-based numerical systems that are still used in current time and angle measurements (60 minutes in an hour, 360 degrees in a loop). They also found a method to solve quadratic and cubic equations.

Ancient Greek

Greek mathematics lays the essential basis for proving and deductive approaches. They focused on mathematics as a study of theory and abstraction, which then became the foundation for modern mathematics.

• Thales from Miletos (624-546 BC) was thought to be one of the first mathematicians to introduce geometric proof.
• Pythagoras (570-495 BC) developed Pythagoras Theorem, which is an important contribution to geometry.
• Euclid (around 300 BC) compiling books Elements, one of the most influential works in mathematical history, which systematically documenting geometry and number theory.
• Archimedes (287-212 BC) made a lot of discoveries in geometry and early calculus, including figuring out how to calculate the volume and the surface area of things like balls and cylinders.

2. Mathematics in Islamic Civilization

In the Middle Ages, when Europe experienced intellectual stagnation, mathematics grew rapidly in the Islamic world. Muslim scientists not only translate the ancient Greek works, but also expand them with new innovation.

• Al-Khwarizmi (780-850 M) is a Persian mathematician known as "Father Algebra." Word algebra from the title of the book, Al-Book, that talks about the settlement of quadratic and linear equations.
• Al-Biruni and Al-Tusi Introducing innovation in geometry, trigonometry, and astronomy, which had a vast impact on science back then.

3. Renaissance and Development in Europe

Renaissance marks the revival of interest in mathematics in Europe. The mathematics is growing rapidly as it advances in astronomy, physics and art.

• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) used math to support his theory of the helioentris solar system, which was contrary to the dominant geoentrical view at the time.
• Galileo Galileo (1564-1642) and Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) using mathematics to explain the planetary movement and validate the heliotric theory.
• Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Introducing analytical geometry, which links geometry and algebra. This approach paves the way for calculus's development.

Four. 17th century: Calculus and Probability Revolution

In the 17th century, mathematics experienced a major revolution with the emergence of calculus and probability theory, which deeply affected many other areas of science.

• Isaac Newton (1642- 1727) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 -1716) separately developed calculus. Newton used calculus to explain the laws of motion and gravity, while Leibniz introduced more efficient calculus notation.
• Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat spearheading the development of probability theory, which is the basis for many studies in the field of opportunity and statistics.

5. 19th century: Modern Math

In the 19th century, mathematics became increasingly focused on structure and abstraction, with the birth of new branches such as the theory of non-Euclidean geometry.

• Carl Friedrich Gauss It contributes to large contributions to number theory, differential geometry, and complex analysis.
• Georg Cantor Introducing an infinite theory of society and concepts, which revolutionize the way we understand numbers and space.
• Bernhard Riemann developed Riemannian geometry, which was then used by Albert Einstein In general relativity theory.

Six. Math in the 20th century and 21st century

In the 20th century, math became increasingly important in science and technology, especially in physics, computers and economies.

• Albert Einstein (1879-1955) using nonEuclidean geometry to develop general relativity theory, which describes gravity as curvature of space and time.
• Alan Turing (1912 -1954) started computing theory, which paved the way for modern computer development and discrete mathematics.
• Quantum theory., which was developed by physicists like Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger, using high-level mathematics to explain subatomic phenomena.
• Chaos Theory and fractal beginning to develop at the end of the 20th century, explaining the complex and seemingly random natural phenomena.

Conclusion

Mathematics from ancient to modern times shows how math grew from practical needs to become a very abstract and theoretical discipline. Various discoveries in the field of mathematics have shaped the way humans understand the world, from ancient buildings to modern technology. Mathematics will continue to evolve as science and technology progresses, playing a crucial role in the progress of human civilization.